The Two Parts Of Death - 1820 Words

Rebecca Leonard Professor E. Devore Great Book Since 1700 November 11, 2014 The Two Parts of Death Emily Dickinson did not give titles to her poetry, they are numbered. This is the first part of her poems that commands attention. At first it is not known what a particular poem is about, it needs to be read. A good portion of Dickinson’s work is centered on death. Everyone knows that death is unavoidable. Once something lives, it must die. There is only one real guarantee in life and that is death. Generally, death is feared due to the lack of knowledge or certainty of what happens when it occurs. Heaven, hell, purgatory, nothingness, reincarnation or any other explanation gives comfort or even anxiety in death. Even with the strongest beliefs death is still uncertain. Some of Emily Dickinson’s poems are solely about death and the emotions that fallow it. She creates a very vivid image with her words. Certainly on a level that anyone who has experienced death can understand. Three of her poems in â€Å"The Poems of Emily Dickinson† edited by R. W. Franklin, do this nicely. Both of these poems explain the emotions and what needs to be done after a death. The first poem about death in this edition of Dickinson’s is poem f315: To die – takes just a little while – They say it does’nt hurt – It’s only fainter – by degrees – And then – it’s out of sight A darker Ribbon – for a Day – A Crape opon the Hat – And then the pretty sunshine comes – And helps us to forget – TheShow MoreRelatedWhen two people walk down the aisle and make a promise to love one another â€Å"till death do us part,†1000 Words   |  4 PagesWhen two people walk down the aisle and make a promise to love one another â€Å"till death do us part,† they are proclaiming that for the rest of their lives they will only love their spouse and never wander from their loved one. If they stray from their loved one; having sexual intercourse with someone other than their spouse. They are committing adultery. Adulterous behavior can be seen to fall with the domain of morality. For men and women there are many reasons they have committed or are committingRead MoreBy Close Analysis of Funeral Rites: Seamus Heaney’s Attitude to Death in North 1084 Words   |  4 PagesHeaney’s attitude towards death is presented in different perspectives within Funeral Rites. A pun, based on a homonym, embedded within the title itself, suggests one’s right to have a funeral : for there to be an occasion for family and friends to mourn one’s death whilst celebrating their life. In Funeral Rites, Heaney demonstrates the beautiful serenity associated with death, while also highlighting the tragic aspect of death and dying. Funeral Rites is composed of three parts (the first of which IRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Wrong And Inhumane Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesto death is difficult to completely comprehend. The physical procedure involved in the act of execution are easy to grasp, but the emotions involved in carrying out a death sentence on anoth er person, regardless of how much they deserve it, is beyond comprehension. This act has been critiqued by many people from all around the world and it is our responsibility as a society to see that capital punishment is wrong and inhumane. Some oppositions to the death penalty include racial bias in death sentencingRead MoreThemes of Death and Immortality in Emily Dickinsons Poetry Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesis a reoccurring theme of death and immortality. The theme of death is further separated into two major categories including the curiosity Dickinson held of the process of dying and the feelings accompanied with it and the reaction to the death of a loved one. Two of Dickinson’s many poems that contain a theme of death include: â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop For Death,† and â€Å"After great pain, a formal feeling comes.† In Dickinson’s poem â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death,† Dickinson portrays whatRead MoreI Heard A Fly Buzz, By Emily Dickinson1227 Words   |  5 Pages591 â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz,† describes the scene of the speaker’s death in a very obscure way. The poem is entirely located in a single room and the speaker is participating in a common deathbed ritual that would have taken place at that point in time. The room is quiet, many mourners are preparing for the speakers final moments, and the speaker begins to will away all of her material possessions. When the speaker is about to commit to death, a fly interrupts the scene and ultimately stands in the wayRead MoreThe Theme of Death in The Dead Essay1151 Words   |  5 Pagessetting of a winter dance at the home of the two aunts of the main character, Gabriel Conroy. James Joyce’s short story â€Å"The Dead† has a literal title, because its main concept is death – both physical d eath and spiritual death. Gabriel Conroy and his wife, Gretta Conroy, attend a party held by Gabriel’s aunts, Kate Morkan and Julia Morkan. The mood of the party is intentionally festive. It’s an annual event – â€Å"the Misses Morkan’s annual dance† (1227). But parts of the evening turn out to be quite nostalgicRead MoreThe Death Of Meriwether Lewis1039 Words   |  5 Pages The Death of Meriwether Lewis Meriwether Lewis was one of the travelers that were given the mission of traveling from the colonies to the Pacific Ocean, The Mission of Discovery. After Lewis got back from the expedition, he was assigned the role of Governor of The upper half of the Louisiana Purchase. When he was appointed to this position, he didn’t instantly go to do the job though. Actually he spent about half a year trying to publish the notes heRead MoreSimilarities And Differences Within Donne s Poetry1187 Words   |  5 Pagespride in oneself. His two poems, â€Å"Death, Be Not Proud† and â€Å"The Flea† each feature one of these aspects of metaphysical poetry. â€Å"Death, Be Not Proud† is a poem about a man who is seriously ill mocking death and challenging death’s power. â€Å"The Flea† is a humorous poem that features a man trying to convince his lover to have sex with him through the actions of a flea. Even though the two poems feature the same author, time period, and they both make references to the Bible, the two poems share many differencesRead MoreHamlet to Be or Not to Be Soliloquy Analysis Essay887 Words   |  4 Pagesvery confused man. He is very unsure of himself and his thoughts often waver between two extremes due to his relatively strange personality. In the monologue, he contemplates whether or not he should continue or end his own life. He also considers seeking revenge for his father’s death. Evidence of his uncertainty and over thinking is not only shown in this speech, but it also can be referenced in other important parts of the play. The topic of Hamlet’s soliloquy is his consideration of committingRead MoreDeath And Violence During The Mahabharata And The Tale Of The Heike Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesDEATH AND VIOLENCE IN THE MAHABHARATA AND THE TALE OF THE HEIKE Death, and the process of dying and killing, is central to the plots of the ancient Indian Mahabharata and the ancient Japanese Tale of the Heike. These epics, though the products of different cultures, describe similar beliefs and practices regarding death, focusing on death in relation to the religious beliefs and societal roles of the warriors classes—the Vedic Kshatriyas and the Japanese samurai. This great significance attached

The Reality Of Reality Television Essay - 1287 Words

Reality television is now one of the most consumed television genres broadcasted to the general public. Reality television has become more about mindless watching and creating the most unrealistic environment possible, rather than creating a show for an important purpose. Today, shows like Beauty and the Geek, Big Brother, and every other reality show fit into this mold, but when viewed critically lessons appear. In the case of TV today, reality shows depict an altered reality because of the unrealistic situations this genre presents. Firstly, Beauty and the Geek claimed they conducted the â€Å"ultimate social experiment,† and yet is still considered as a show in the genre of reality TV. Since Beauty and the Geek subsisted as a social experiment, altered variables, such as the environment, influenced participants to conduct themselves in a different way than how they would behave on a regular basis in reaction to the stimuli the show provided. Contestants altered their behavior by sharing a bed with a stranger, and they acted friendly because they were now living with strangers in a home with cameras, so they felt they needed to impress. Beauty and the Geek is comparable to Big Brother because they were both filmed under altered conditions. For Big Brother specifically, the contestants participated under a much more controlled environment by being locked into a compound that was cut off from the rest of the outside world. This meant no TVs, phones, computers, etc., which makesShow MoreRelatedThe Reality Of Reality Television936 Words   |  4 PagesThe reality show phenomenon Have you ever wondered what attracts millions of Americans each week to watch this cultural phenomenon know as reality television? It first started in 1948 when Allen Funt created a TV series called Candid Camera, this is the first known reality television show series. â€Å"Reality television episodes have increased up to 57% of all television shows that can be found on your TV guides† (Shocking). Big Brother was one of the first successful and most viewed reality televisionRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television882 Words   |  4 Pages What is it about these reality shows such as: Keeping Up with the Kardashians, Bad Girls Club, and The Real Housewives that we cannot stop watching? After watching reality shows like this, it leaves people craving the next episode of the next week. Reality television producers are exploiting people by giving the public a â€Å"sense† of reality but not the real version of it, but rather exploit people and use stereotypes to make money for entertainment. The specific points of this argumentRead MoreThe Reality of Reality Television1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reality of Reality Television Jacqueline Knudsen ENG122: English Composition II Jenna Fussell February 2, 2013 The Reality of Reality Television Have you ever set there watching your favorite reality television show and wondered what effects it could have on you, your family or your friends? Truth is most people do not think about the effects television shows can have before watching them or allowing their children to watch them. ThisRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television927 Words   |  4 PagesBehind the Reality of Reality TV There are many different opinions when the subject of reality television is discussed. Although reality television shows are thought to be negative they really are just mindless entertainment. Many can argue that these shows are misleading and disturbing. On the other side of this, people merely use these shows for entertainment and allow people to forget about stress in their lives. The cause of these different opinions is a result of different age, gender, religionRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television1499 Words   |  6 PagesAgainst Reality TV For close to a decade, the ethics behind the existence of reality TV have been questioned. While there are ardent viewers of reality TV, researchers and other scholars disapprove them, and claim that the world would have been in a better place. Reality TV shows, especially in America, are extremely profitable to media owners, and this has increased their popularity in the recent years. The main target audience for these shows are teenagers and women, who spend a lot of time discussingRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television1511 Words   |  7 PagesReality TV is defined as television programs in which real people are continuously filmed, designed to be entertaining rather than informative.(Dictionary) As we all know, in today s world we are presented with numerous Reality TV Show such as Keeping up With the Kardashians, Basket wives and The Real Housewives of Miami. These shows give a false message to their viewers of what is reality and what is purely entertainment. Many reality programs create an artificial environment for the show thatRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television991 Words   |  4 PagesWe see content on television every day either to see the news, watch a movie, series or any program we would like to watch. Television give us a different and visually perfect way of entertainment. Reality television is a genre of television which seems to be unscripted showing actions of â€Å"real life†. The viewer sees the reality shows for entertainment but neither the pressure, competitiveness nor loneliness that lives in imagines. To be real -time and people- admiration from viewers, thinking thatRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television Essay1973 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Reality television has turned into a noteworthy piece of our way of life. The shows are described to be fun, engaging and acquaint society with new points of view. In the wake of a monotonous day at work, it s decent to return home and watch something careless on television, while unwinding. While the debate that violence in the media is making for a brutal culture has been made a million times, sometime recently, I am striving to make an alternate relationship. As we are aware, theRead MoreThe Reality Of Reality Television Essay1697 Words   |  7 PagesReality television has taken off over the past few years bringing shows to the airwaves such as the Bachelor and Breaking Amish. One of the more successful reality television shows, which is going off the air after this season, is Duck Dynasty. The show features a cast of redneck white males who have created a fortune making handmade duck calls. Their wives are the typical stay at home moms who cook and clean the house, or as Uncle Si would say, wifely duties. The show is shot in West Monroe, LouisianaRead MoreReality Television : Is It Reality?849 Words   |  4 PagesIs it Reality? Pop culture is popular culture that dominates a society at a point in time. Today, reality television is a part of the society’s popular culture (Johnson 289). The question is why? Reality television is a genre of television programming that focuses on members of the public living in conditions made by the creator, and displays how people are intended to behave in everyday life (Johnson 290). Reality television is debasing and should be strictly controlled, if not banned altogether

Seven-Step Model of Ethical Dilemma-Free-Samples for Students

Question: You will be provided with a choice of case studies related to ethical dilemmas that healthcare professionals face regularly as a part of their professions. You will be required to analyze the case and provide a written report based on your findings and reflections. Answer: Case Study Analysis: Informed Consent On a daily basis, nurses are confronted with the professional reality that they can mitigate in the decision-making process when it comes to safeguarding the rights and well-being of their patients. Regardless, the limits that a nurse possesses on the grounds of authority and capacity to mitigate are emphasized on the same daily basis. Sheila, a nurse at an orthopedic unit, recently experienced a similar incident concerning informed consent violation and she was faced with the dilemma of either intervening for her patient or going, mum. The following paper endeavors to analyze Sheilas case based on the seven-step model of processing ethical dilemma as crafted by Potter and Perry. Ethical Dilemma Literature defines ethical dilemma as the decision-making problem between two possible moral imperatives which are either acceptable or not (Enzinger et al., 2017). What this means is that, when trying to make a decision, one aspect will be obeyed while the other will be transgressed. According to Sheilas case study, the dilemma was either to intervene (Sheila) and translate the information being provided by the surgical doctor in German or protect her professional career and not intervene. The case is a two-faceted take: on one end, the nurse did the right thing by being concerned whether her patient was being provided the correct information. One of the paramount rights of any patient is the right to autonomy and informed consent. As stipulated in the universal consent standards, a patient ought to understand what is being explained by ensuring that the medical professionals provide every medical detail (Potter, Perry, Stockert, Hall, 2014). On the other end, the nurse was only pr ofessional. Sheila only did what any nurse would have done in her position- following orders. Informed Consent As the name suggests, informed consent is the voluntary agreement to or acquiescence in what another person proposes. In the medical field, Grady, (2015), the generalized regulation is that a patient ought to provide consent to the doctors before any administration of treatment. To do so, there are several guidelines that doctors and other medical professionals ought to use (Blease, Lilienfeld, Kelley, 2016) . They include the capacity to consent- a person who can comprehend the nature and the anticipated effect of the proposed medical treatment, as well as alternatives, can be considered to have the capacity to provide valid consent. Nonetheless, there are limitations to the size of a person to provide informed consent. Age of the person heavily depends on the validity which is limited from the age of fourteen (in Canada) and anyone above the age of eighteen with a sound mind and emotional stability (Kim Miller, 2015). Additionally, Ferrer et al., (2016) indicates that if a person is unable to decide due to predeterminant factors such as mental capacity, then another person can do so on their behalf Another prominent informed consent detail is the disclosure of information to be considered valid (Hill Howlett, 2013). An informed consent stipulates that there needs to be the explicit explanation on the medical information a patient ought to be given especially about the nature of their treatment as well as the anticipated outcome (Faden, Beauchamp, Kass, 2014). The obligation to provide the medical information rests on the physician and never delegated to another medical staff. However, in special circumstances, the data can be disclosed to another physician to get more confident in explaining to the patient. Hence, patient comprehension, another fundamental factor, should be placed in consideration. The patient should be able to ask as many questions as possible (Schatzberg DeBattista, 2015) . Therefore, the physician should take considerable steps in ensuring that the patient understands and is relatively satisfied with the information provided wherein there is language diff iculty. Personal Values on Ethical Issue Negligence and carelessness, in my opinion, are the leading causes of mistrust and mistakes when it comes to handling patients. Worse of all is that legal issues follow suit soon afterward. Regardless, based on the Sheila case study, as a nurse, a lot should have been done to ensure that the patients wellbeing was put first despite the professional consequences. For instance, I value placing the patient first especially in their wellbeing. The patient was fluent in Germany, and so is Sheila. When the nurse noticed that the daughter was not providing the correct and full information and that the doctor did not put this regarding violating patients rights, then Sheila should have found a way to explain to the patient. However, the nurse opted to be mum about the issue, and this facilitated a breach in her professional and nursing career. Likewise, I value courageous people especially nurses who will not stand aside while their patients are going through assault. It is of the opinion th at Sheila should have disengaged the doctor an talked to him or her separately indicating what violations are occurring and what may be the consequence if the outcomes are not what was to be expected by the patient. Verbalize the Problem The problem in the case study is that the patients right to autonomy, valid consent and comprehension were not regarded when information was being presented. The issue, therefore, may cause a legal suit in the future and needs to be handled as soon as possible. The doctor should have put into consideration that the daughter is not right in German and a better translator should have been used (Wu et al., 2017). Alternatively, the nurse should have been vocal in protecting the rights of the patient regardless of authority hierarchy breach. Possible Course of Action The reasonable action to take is that the nurse (who is fluent in German) and the doctor should revise the information to the patient. The idea here is to ensure that the patient grasps as much as possible before making the informed consent. As stipulated in the informed consent, the validity is reliant on the comprehension and the patient ability to articulate what she is being told. Another course of action is to educate the physician on the right protocol in handling patients especially those who require translators. Negligence and carelessness should be eliminated to avoid future lawsuits which may hinder the medical institutions operations. Reflect on the Outcome The client will have to understand what the medical info is all about in addition how they will benefit. By using German, the patient will be able to make the valid consent without any issues in the future. Besides, the indications would be a valid consent. Action and Outcome The act to protect the patients rights and ensure that she will get the best out of the medical information provided will show the need always to protect the patient. The protection of patient rights and the indulgence of the physicians in understanding the fundamental need to address patient rights including comprehension will limit incidences in the future. Professional Standards According to CLPNBC, ever registered nursing profession including a Licensed Profession Nurse under the Health Professions Act is required to serve and protect the public as well as exercise the powers in addition to discharging responsibilities under all the enactments in the public interests (Nurses (Licensed Practical) Regulation, ). For an LPN under the BC curriculum, measurements include the practical application of nursing in the assigned environment. Nonetheless, some duties and responsibilities are used to measure an LPN that include making a diagnosis, compounding and administering medicine to patients. Also, an LPN is regulated under the BC through the restricted duties that involve performing procedures on tissue damages, cannot deliver medication that is complex and cannot handle complicated equipment without a supervisors presence. Nevertheless, there are professional standards that an LPN ought to carry out and will be stated below: Responsibility and Accountability According to the values, nurses (LPN) are required to uphold the professional responsibilities in professional integrity and advocate for the rights of the patient which Sheila should have adhered to during the provision of information. About CLPNBC, LPN practice in BC mandates that nurses according to the Health Professions Act Section 16 (1), nurses are required to exercise powers and discharge responsibilities (Nurses (Licensed Practical) Regulation, n.d.). Sheila, the nurse, should have carried out her sole duty in protecting the patients wellbeing regardless of what the physician had instructed her to do. Moreover, the responsibility and accountability require that a nurse as well as a medical profession, irrespective of the circumstance, be respectful of the patients rights and serve the patient with the utmost professionalism (Spatz, Krumholz, Moulton, 2016). Competency-Based Practice According to CLPNBC requires that nurses meet the professional standards within the facility they work in through the implementation of electronic documentation. In most cases, this may include speaking out to other medical professionals with their problems under the new documentation system (Ferrer et al., 2016). In the case of Sheila, it would have been best if she would have indicated the issue at hand to the doctor or another nurse (preferably a supervising nurse) about the incidence on paper or electronic documentation process. The solution to this would have prevented a lot of ethical breach by the medical doctor in his quest to make things harder for the patient. Client-Focused Provision of Services Communication is the best practice when it comes to handling patient information and wellbeing (Wolf, Clayton, Lawrenz, 2018). Collaborating with another nurse would have been the best option for Sheila to take when she could not speak with the attending physician. Since she was the nurse attending to the patient who was ill, it was her responsibility and duty to ensure that the patient got the best and quality health care to be offered while still undergoing treatment. However, Sheila did not take it up with the supervising nurse or follow the necessary protocol in ensuring that the patient was catered. Ethical Practice Ethical Practice ensures that there is good nursing when it comes to the patients. A nurse ought to be the moral agent to the patient in times of crisis and especially when assaulted by another physician (Koch Elster, 2017). In the case study, Sheila should have been more pre-empt in ensuring that the patient got the right information as per the doctors explanation and not leave bygones be bygones. It showed unethical practice in both the nurse and the doctor and was a breach of patients rights to informed consent. References Blease, C. R., Lilienfeld, S. O., Kelley, J. M. (2016). Evidence-based practice and psychological treatments: the imperatives of informed consent. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1170. Enzinger, A. C., Wind, J. K., Frank, E., McCleary, N. J., Porter, L., Cushing, H., Meropol, N. J. (2017). A stakeholder-driven approach to improve the informed consent process for palliative chemotherapy. Patient Education and Counseling, 100(8), 15271536. Faden, R. R., Beauchamp, T. L., Kass, N. E. (2014). Informed consent, comparative effectiveness, and learning health care. N Engl J Med, 370(8), 766768. Ferrer, R. A., Stanley, J. T., Graff, K., Klein, W. M., Goodman, N., Nelson, W. L., Salazar, S. (2016). The Effect of Emotion on Visual Attention to Information and Decision Making in the Context of Informed Consent Process for Clinical Trials. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 29(23), 245253. Grady, C. (2015). Enduring and emerging challenges of informed consent. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(9), 855862. Hill, S. S., Howlett, H. S. (2013). Success in Practical/Vocational Nursing-E-Book: From Student to Leader. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kim, S. Y., Miller, F. G. (2015). Informed consent for pragmatic trials: the integrated consent Model. Koch, T. M. P. V. G., Elster, N. R. (2017). Under Attack: Reconceptualizing Informed Consent: Certified Patient Decision Aids: Solving Persistent Problems with Informed Consent Law. JL Med. Ethics, 45, 12280. Nurses (Licensed Practical) Regulation. (n.d.). Retrieved April 6, 2018, from https://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/224_2015#section5 Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P. A., Hall, A. M. (2014). Canadian fundamentals of nursing (5th Cdn. ed.)(JC Ross-Kerr, MJ Wood, BJ Astle W. Duggleby, Cdn. Adapt.). Toronto, ON: Elsevier Canada. Schatzberg, A. F., DeBattista, C. (2015). Manual of clinical psychopharmacology. American Psychiatric Pub. Spatz, E. S., Krumholz, H. M., Moulton, B. W. (2016). The new era of informed consent: getting to a reasonable-patient standard through shared decision making. Jama, 315(19), 20632064. Wolf, S. M., Clayton, E. W., Lawrenz, F. (2018). The Past, Present, and Future of Informed Consent in Research and Translational Medicine. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA. Wu, Y., Howarth, M. L., Chunlan, Z., Xue, J., Jiexia, O., Xiaojin, L. (2017). Reporting of ethical approval and informed consent in clinical trials in 12 nursing journals in China between 2013 and 2016. Nursing Ethics, 111

With Ink as My Voice free essay sample

When I became tired of pacing back and forth in my grandparents’ foyer attempting to count to 500, I wrote instead, first on printer paper in multi-colored pen, then on the yellow paper in my grandmother’s electric typewriter. It was exciting, to my eight-year-old self, to see my thoughts written out in ink. I still have those first stories. I like to look at them every once in awhile, because it reminds me of what I’ve known this whole time: Writing was, and would always be, what shaped my life. Growing up, â€Å"quiet† and â€Å"shy† were the most common words used to describe me. Whether it was a teacher, a fellow classmate, or a family member, someone always had to comment on how I â€Å"never talked.† Honestly, I didn’t talk all that much when I was younger. Some combination of elementary school bullying and just being naturally introverted had caused me to be reserved. We will write a custom essay sample on With Ink as My Voice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It was something I struggled with, but being reserved definitely had its upsides – one being that I thought a lot. My mom likes to call it a â€Å"rich inner life.† I had worlds inside my head, opinions and ideas that I hadn’t a clue how to share. While many people assumed that I was rude, or unintelligent, or just didn’t have anything to say, those who knew me knew better. During those times when I didn’t know how to use my voice to express my thoughts, ink became my voice. I was 10 when I received my first computer, and shortly thereafter the thoughts and ideas stored in my head and written in my notebooks began to take shape in words on a screen, and then in ink. People found out about my writing in high school when my English teacher read my essays aloud in class. My face would turn embarrassingly red, but there was no denying that I could write. I aced a college composition class, swept the awards in our county-wide literary journal, and was published multiple times. People began to recognize my talent, and I would thank them and think: I know. It gave me a confidence I’d never had before. My writing was a place where the volume of my voice didn’t matter – no one could tell me to speak up when they were reading my words in ink. â€Å"Too quiet† or not, everyone knew that I was a good writer, and most importantly, I did too. This confidence would help me grow throughout high school. At the end of my sophomore year I wrote a speech on the back of a notecard, and the last line read: â€Å"People may think that I can’t do it because I’m quiet, but I wouldn’t try if I thought I couldn’t do it.† My voice might have shaken when I said these words, but it didn’t matter because I became class president. Being a writer was my identity, and knowing people had read my stories and liked them made me believe in myself. At the end of junior year, I typed out words and spoke them at the graduation ceremony, and my voice didn’t shake at all. When people told me I spoke wonderfully, I would thank them and think: I know. In my mind, my voice and the ink had become one and the same, and I could do anything. Almost 10 years later, I am not any less excited about seeing my thoughts in ink than I was at age eight. It is a feeling I will always crave. I doubt that when I’m 88 the thrill of sharing my words with others will have lessened at all. Ink will always be my voice, and writing will always be what drives my life.

Technology in business

Summary Many companies today are competing for survival in the world market. Technology has also played very vital role in terms of boosting the competitiveness of organizations in the world market. In addition, leaders of different organizations are adopting different leadership strategies to enable their organizations to become competitive in the global market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Technology in business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result, it is important for leaders of organizations to adopt leadership strategies that will boost the performance of their organizations thereby enable them to compete effectively in the global market. There are trends that are being observed in the business environment which are making it important for leaders to formulate leadership strategies that can enable their organizations to remain competitive in the world economy. However, leaders often face challeng es which make it difficult for them to implement effective strategies to improve the performance of their organizations (Kouzes Posner, 2008). As a result, many leaders are being forced to engage in thorough research so as to enable them to come up with effective leadership strategies that will enable them to increase the profitability of their organizations considerably. Introduction Technology plays a major role in terms of boosting the competitiveness of organizations in the world market. Organizations are adopting technology so as to enable them to become efficient in their production processes. This has made them to be able to provide consumers with products that meet their needs adequately. Globalization is also growing at a very high rate. Many organizations have therefore taken advantage of globalization so as to enable them to increase their market share. This has made many organizations to be able to increase their profitability significantly. Since major organizations in the world today have made most of their operations to become global, they have been able to come into contact with different kinds of consumers who have different tastes for the products that the organizations manufacture (Kouzes Posner, 2008). As a result, organizations have been forced to be innovative while producing their products in order to make their products to be more appealing to consumers. With the advent of technology, organizations have become very competitive. In addition, organizations have realized that their productivity relies on the commitment of their employees. As a result, many organizations are employing complex measures to enable them motivate their employees so that they can also boost their productivity. However, globalization and advancement in technology have provided new opportunities for employment to people.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A s a result, employees are finding it easy to shift from one job to another easily. However, most employees do not have the right skills which most organizations require. As a result, many leaders of organizations are implementing strategies to enable them retain the most productive employees. It is therefore true that leaders of different organizations all over the world are being faced with the challenge of handling emerging trends in the global business environment. Most leaders are therefore implementing strategies aimed at ensuring that their organizations adopt sophisticated technology to enable them provide quality products to their customers. In addition, they are focusing on adopting globalization and diversity so that they can be able to address the different needs of customers in different parts of the world. In addition, they are focusing on extending their supply chains so that they can be able to minimize the costs of the products that they manufacture. Moreover, they a re ensuring that they retain their most productive employees so that the productivity of their organization can keep rising. Wal-Mart present form analysis Organizational structure Wal-Mart is a multinational corporation which has its headquarters in the US. It is one of the main private employers in the world. It has an employee base of about 2 million. Regional Vice Presidents (RVP) are the ones who manage the organization at the regional level. The RVPs are based in Bentonville but they usually travel to their respective regions for three weeks every month in order to ensure that the operations of the regions are in line with the expectations of the company. All the regional managers are required to meet with the Bentonville-based executive leaders so that they can be able to discuss the various challenges that face all Wal-Mart’s stores. Every region has about eleven districts. Each district usually has about 7 stores. However, it is the goal of a district manager to ensu re that all the activities of the organization are run smoothly at the district level. The District Managers usually work hand in hand with the Regional Personnel Managers (RPMs) to ensure that any issues relating to the operations of the stores are addressed adequately. It is the duty of the RPMs to select the people who manage individual stores. Wal-Mart stores are therefore designed in such a manner that the managers of the organization are the ones who allocate duties as well as monitor the activities of employees within the organization. The managers also identify any changes that need to be implemented to the stores in order to ensure that all the production processes within the stores are in line with the goals of the entire organization (The Wall Street Journal, 2012).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Technology in business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Workforce diversity Wal-Mart treats all employee s equally. As a result, Wal-Mart ensures that all the employees within the organization have equal rights with regard to accessing the resources of the organization. It ensures that all the employees are given sufficient support so that they can be able to achieve their full potential thereby increasing their productivity significantly. Wal-Mart believes that diversity is the foundation of a sustainable business. As a result, it respects all the employees who work in it. It ensures that its employees work together thereby ensuring that the organization continues being the leader in the provision of quality products and services to its customers. To ensure that it continues being a global leader in all the activities that it engages in, Wal-Mart adopts diversity a part of its business plan to enable it incorporate all the needs of its employees in an effective manner. Wal-Mart believes that respecting diversity enables its employees to live with each other in a peaceful manner (The W all Street Journal, 2012). Customer diversity Most business enterprises engage in production processes which please their customers. With the advent of globalization therefore, most business enterprises in the world today engage in production processes which enable them to produce products that meet the exact needs of their customers. Therefore, many multinational corporations look for markets in different parts of the world where customers have different tastes. To increase their sales therefore, most organizations produce goods which address the needs of the different types of customers adequately. In order to capture a large market share, Wal-Mart provides its customers with a wide range of products to choose from. It also customizes its products depending on the needs of its customers in different parts of the world. To ensure that the customers remain satisfied with the products that they obtain from Wal-Mart, the company engages in market research in order to identify the exac t needs of its customers. This strategy guides Wal-Mart while customizing the products for its different types of customers who are located in different parts of the world (Lueneburger Goleman, 2010).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Communications technology Advancements in information technology have played a vital role in terms of revolutionizing the manner in which businesses communicate with their customers. Advancements in information technology have made it easy for organizations to communicate with their customers in an efficient and faster manner. It has also enabled organizations to reduce their costs of production drastically. As part of its growth strategy therefore, Wal-Mart has invested in a communication infrastructure which has enabled it to improve the way it interacts with its customers. Wal-Mart has a satellite communication system in the United States which links all its stores to the headquarters. This has made the process of managing the organization easier. Wal-Mart also uses Retail Link and EDI applications over the internet thereby making it possible for the company to exchange data with its suppliers easily all over the world. In addition, it uses Web 2.0 and social networking tools to enable it interact with its customers more effectively. Wal-Mart Future trends The workplace today is experiencing significant changes. This is because people are getting more educated thereby impacting on the way in which they conduct their daily operations. People today are more efficient in the activities that they perform. In addition, education has become global thereby enabling people from all over the world to share ideas and improve their working skills. In the case of Wal-Mart, it hires qualified personnel from different parts of the world thereby enabling it to benefit from the diverse skills which the employees possess (Lueneburger Goleman, 2010). Technology has also played a major role in terms of enabling people to perform their daily activities more efficiently. By adopting technology, organizations are able to improve the productivity of their employees thereby impacting positively on their profitability. This state of affairs has enabled organizations to increase th eir sizes and competitiveness significantly. In addition, technology and globalization have made it possible for people to move from one country to another in search of descent jobs. The work environment is experiencing exponential change today. As a result, the manner in which people perform their daily activities is also changing. Therefore, by year 2020, workforce will be completely different than it is today. For example, it is said that employee diversity is expected to prevail in 2020. This is because organizations will experience cultural diversity in the workplace. As a result, employees within the organization will have a broader set of values and believes than today. It is said that the generational divide will create disparity in the way young and old people work. It is therefore important for organizations to learn how to manage the different cultures and expectations. Since Wal-Mart operates globally, it encounters people who come from diverse cultural backgrounds. Wal- Mart will therefore be required to devise leadership strategies which will enable it to unite the different groups of people working within the organization so that they can contribute towards the overall productivity of the organization (Lueneburger Goleman, 2010). Employment will be expected to shift to deployment since labor force will be more mobile. In addition, it will be possible to work in any part of the world at any time. In order to ensure that it provides the best quality products to its customers therefore, Wal-Mart should ensure that it hires highly qualified personnel from different parts of the world. It should also pay its employees competitive wages so as to ensure that it retains the most productive and talented employees. The jobs available in 2020 will also require high level qualifications. However, since there is a shortage in the number of people who are qualified, growth and innovation is expected to experience serious challenges. It is said that most of th e population in developing economies is aging. By the year 2020, approximately 25 percent of Europeans will be over 60 years old. As a result, the aging workforce will either want to retire early or wish to work for few hours thereby reducing the profitability of organizations. By 2020, more than one third of the data will be sent through the cloud. Therefore, technology will bring together employees, clients and partners. This will enhance collaboration and improve transparency in organizations. In order to be ready for the transformation, Wal-Mart should hire highly qualified personnel who will enable it to remain competitive in the global business environment as well as enable it to cope with the various challenges that are brought about by globalization. More women are expected to take up most leadership positions in the work environment by 2020. It is said that 1 out of every 3 workers will be a woman. This will change the culture of many companies since the management style th at women adopt is different from the one that men adopt. In a research that was conducted on 500 fortune 500 companies, it was observed that the companies which had more women in leadership positions attained higher return on equity. Studies reveal that most women usually manage organizations in a more cautious manner than men. Many women focus on the long term goals of their organization (Kouzes Posner, 2008). It is therefore important for Wal-Mart to consider the issue of hiring more women in positions of leadership in order to ensure that it benefits from the unique leadership style that women practice. Telecommuting is a different kind of work atmosphere that is expected to have significant impact in the way organizations carry out their daily operations. Many organizations are adopting this type of job structure because of its convenience. Telecommuting provides opportunities such as video conferencing, Hot Desks, and smaller offices. By adopting telecommuting, organizations e nd up with flexible workforce and they also reduce recruitment costs. When companies enable remote working conditions, issues such as traffic congestion will reduce significantly. It is therefore important for Wal-Mart to incorporate some aspects of telecommuting to enable it reduce the time wasted while commuting as well as enable its employees to be flexible while working within the organization. Leadership trends impacting on Wal-Mart Wal-Mart implements unique leadership strategies which enable it to become successful in its operations. The company ensures that information flows smoothly from the headquarters to every store. The people from the headquarters are the ones who are sent to the stores so that they can gather information about competitors and other challenges that the stores might be facing. However, Wal-Mart’s competitors require the people from the local stores to go to the headquarters in order to give out information about the performance of the businesses. The unique practice by Wal-Mart enables the local stores to develop a close relationship with the people at the headquarters. This state of affairs has enabled Wal-Mart to be able to respond to the demands of its customers on a timely basis (Businessweek, 2010). The relationship between senior executives and employees at Wal-Mart is based on close communication, respect and high expectations. Though the employees are not given high salaries, they usually enjoy other benefits such as health care plans, profit incentives, and retirement schemes. The company also advocates for an open-door policy and provides a variety of promotion opportunities thereby enabling the employees to remain committed to realizing the goals of the organization. Though this strategy is not common in large organizations, it usually adds value to Wal-Mart’s employees thereby enabling them to devote themselves to their jobs as well as offer the customers high quality services. Technology has played a ver y important role in enabling Wal-Mart to be successful in its operations. Technology has helped Wal-Mart to improve the relationship it has with its customers and employees. The customers can therefore easily access the various services that the company offers through the internet. As a result, it is possible for customers to find more information about the products before making an actual purchase. In addition, the company has a very responsive support team who usually address any queries that the customers make. Recommended Changes for the future Leadership actions to be taken The global business world is very competitive today. As a result, it is important for an organization to ensure that it implements strategies which can enable it to run smoothly. Therefore, in order for Wal-Mart to continue being competitive in the world today, there are certain measures that it should adopt. Wal-Mart should invest in its employees. It should ensure that its employees are versant with the mo st complex means of production. Since technology keeps advancing, Wal-Mart should ensure that its employees get relevant training regarding the technology is use. This would ensure that the productivity of the employees within the organization remains consistent. In addition, the company should consider hiring talented people who would be responsible for handling sensitive tasks within the organization. In order to attract highly talented people, Wal-Mart should award its employees competitive salaries as well as give them rewards whenever they demonstrate exemplary performance. This would have the effect of boosting the productivity of the employees within the organization thus increasing its competitiveness (Businessweek, 2010). Digital proficiency is also an issue that organizations need to consider while carrying out their usual activities. The organizations that implement digital technology in their operations are usually very efficient in their production processes. As a resul t, it is important for Wal-Mart to ensure that it implements digital technology in all its operations in order for it to make its production processes faster and more efficient (Businessweek, 2010). The leaders at Wal-Mart should take time to learn about the strategies that the competitors implement. This way, the company would be well aware of the strategies that is should adopt so as to enable it to cope with the competitive pressure in the global market. The company can therefore be able to implement other strategies which would counter the strategies that the competitors adopt. It is therefore important for Wal-Mart to hire a team of researchers once in a while to enable it understand the market trends and the kind of strategies that it should adopt so as to succeed in the market. Concepts Application Diversity Management Diversity management refers to a situation whereby an organization is able to handle a diverse group of employees who work within the same organization. Divers ity in organizations is usually observed when they employ people who belong to different cultures or whereby young and old people are made to work together in an organization. In the case of Wal-Mart, diversity management is observed because the company is able to manage the different groups of employees within the organization thereby enabling them to work together to realize the goals of the organization. Leadership models Leadership models refer to a situation whereby certain key employees within an organization are allocated the duty of managing other employees in the same organization. In the case of Wal-Mart, the leadership process is hierarchical in nature. At Wal-Mart, the Regional Personnel Managers are the ones who manage all the activities of the stores in all the regions. The District managers on the other hand are the ones who give out information to the RPMs regarding the performance of the stores at district levels. Ethics Ethics refer to the acceptable codes of condu ct in every organization. Wal-Mart practices ethics by ensuring that all the rights of the employees within the organization are respected. It also ensures that the customers are treated fairly and that the employees receive fair salaries. Moreover, Wal-Mart adopts production processes that are friendly to the environment. Decision making models These refer to the manner in which decisions are made within an organization. In the case of Wal-Mart, the top-level managers give employees an opportunity to participate in the decision making process in order to ensure that the decisions made within the organization are effective and that every employee within the organization is able to comply with them. Problem solving This refers to a situation whereby an organization is able to address any problems that arise within it on a timely basis. For example, Wal-Mart is usually very cautious with regard to addressing issues such as production of defective products. It always ensures that any p roblems that arise are addressed in the shortest time possible in order to ensure that customers remain loyal to the organization. Conflict management processes Conflict management refers to a situation whereby an organization is able to address any conflicts that arise between employees and customers. Wal-Mart ensures that its employees and customers relate positively with each other. It does this by ensuring that the employees are well-trained to handle all customers’ queries politely. This makes the customers to trust in the products and services that Wal-Mart offers. References Businessweek. (2010). Methodology: Best Companies for Leadership. Web. Kouzes, J. M., Posner, B. Z. (2008). The Leadership Challenge. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Lueneburger, C., Goleman, D. (2010). The Change Leadership Management Sustainability Demands. Web. The Wall Street Journal. (2012). Global Leaders Urged to Support New Action Plan to Wipe Out Illiteracy by 2020. Web. This report on Technology in business was written and submitted by user Ishaan T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Health Workers Migration

Health Workers Migration Shortages of health workers in developing countries are the result of a global trend known as ‘brain drain’. Many young health workers from developing countries choose to stay in foreign countries after completing their studies in order to receive well-paid jobs. As a result, the health care in many communities in developing countries does not respond to standards because of the significant paucity of doctors and nurses. ‘Brain drain’ can be discussed as a global trend that is caused by social and economic factors, and its potential impact on the global health is negative because of significant reductions in the quality of health care in many world regions. Thus, ‘brain drain’ is a notion used to describe the global trend of the health workers’ migration. It is possible to speak about ‘brain drain’ when competent health workers from developing countries move to the developed countries in search of a better life. The obvious r esult of such migrations is the disproportionate distribution of health workers in developing and developed countries (Kill or Cure: Doctors and Nurses, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Workers’ Migration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The current impact of this trend on the global health is the acute shortage of the workforce in heath care facilities in many Asian, Middle Eastern, and African countries. The potential negative impact on the global population’s health is more dramatic because of the impossibility of doctors in developing countries to control epidemics (Kasper Bajunirwe, 2012, p. 974). Furthermore, ‘brain drain’ affects the health status of developing nations during decades, and it is a significant barrier to the development of global health goals and to the implementation of relevant health care policies. While referring to the factors that can contribute to the progress of ‘brain drain’, it is necessary to focus on such economic factors as low wages and economic statuses in developing countries and such social factors as the lack of educational opportunities, the stable growth of population in developing countries, and the limited access to health care services. African countries suffer from the crisis in the health care industry because physicians and nurses affected by problematic economic and social situations choose to study and work in Europe (Kill or Cure: Doctors and Nurses, 2010). As a result, trying to escape difficult economic conditions, health workers from developing countries support the development of the ‘brain drain’ tendency and the worsening on the social situation in their native countries while referring to the health care provision. In order to address the crisis in the global health and respond to the problem of health workers’ migration, it is necessary to recommend an effective strategy to follow in such developing countries as Malawi and India. The active ‘brain drain’ results in reducing the number of health workers for every 10,000 people in developing countries (Kasper Bajunirwe, 2012, p. 974).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To address the problem, it is necessary to propose the combination of economic and social strategies. Thus, in order to attract health workers to developing regions, it is necessary to improve funding and support in health care industries of developing countries. The effective strategy should respond to the health workers’ expectations regarding their wages and working conditions. Investments into health care, additional funding, support of the research, and increases in health workers’ salaries are important to attract nurses and doctors (Kasper Bajunirwe, 2012, p. 976). The next step i s the improvement of the occupational safety, working conditions, and competence with the help of international workforce policies and training programs provided by the world health organizations and other global public organizations. It is possible to state that the lack of the competent health personnel is a problem typical for developing countries that is caused by ‘brain drain’ effects. Inadequate working conditions make health workers migrate to developed countries in search of a better life in spite of the fact that their skills and knowledge are necessary in developing countries of Africa and Asia. The results of this trend are workforce shortages and unequal distribution of health services in regions. Critique   1 ‘Brain drain’ is a complex process which should be discussed from two perspectives. On the one hand, ‘brain drain’ can be described as a loss of health workers in developing countries because of the active migration. On the other hand, ‘brain drain’ is a lack of the access to the research results observed in developing countries. Following the statistical data, it is possible to state that high-income countries provide jobs for more than 30% of all international medical graduates (Muula, 2005, p. 24). From this perspective, only 10% of health care workers return to their native developing countries because low-income countries cannot provide them with all the necessary conditions for the effective work (Muula, 2005, p. 25).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Health Workers’ Migration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Health care workers seek for respect and prestige while working in developed countries. Moreover, contributing to the research in the health care sphere, medical professionals have no adequate opportunities to influence the development of health care in their native countries. As a result, ‘brain drai n’ as a global tendency can be discussed as having a negative effect on the distribution of the human capital in the health care industry and on the reduction of health care issues in low-income countries. The potential impact of ‘brain drain’ on the health in developing countries can be considered as dramatic because of the necessity to overcome workforce shortages. Critique 2 Responding to the question about factors which influence ‘brain drain’, it is important to refer to such aspects as poor resources and significant income differences between developed and developing countries. Being provided with superior job opportunities in high-income countries, health workers intend to improve the socioeconomic conditions. Thus, the social and political instability observed in developing countries is one more contributing factor to the development of the ‘brain drain’ tendency. The problem is in the fact that medical students undertaking feel safe protected while studying and working in developed countries. Returning to their native countries, the medical workers focus on the poor availability of resources and facilities (Blacklock, Ward, Heneghan, 2014, p. 100). Thus, a lack of resources and adequate health care facilities is a leading cause of death in developing countries. In this regard, health workers prefer working in countries where research is funded and health care reforms are effectively implemented. The factor of comfortable working environments and opportunities for the career growth and development also influence health workers’ decisions. The structure of the health care industry in developing countries is one more factor that contributes to ‘brain drain’ because of the extreme workflow and inadequate investment in the healthcare service delivery (Blacklock et al., 2014, p. 100). Having no job satisfaction and prospects for further education, health workers choose to migrate in order to receive effective training and opportunities for the career progress.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Blacklock, C., Ward, A., Heneghan, C. (2014). Exploring the migration decisions of health workers and trainees from Africa: a meta-ethnographic synthesis. Social Science Medicine, 100(2), 99-106. Kasper, J., Bajunirwe, F. (2012). Brain drain in sub-Saharan Africa: contributing factors, potential remedies and the role of academic medical centres. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 97(11), 973-979. Kill or Cure: Doctors and Nurses. (2010). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPaMwIkx2PA Muula, A. (2005). Is there any solution to the brain drain of health professionals and knowledge from Africa? Croatian Medical Journal, 46(1), 21-29.

Describing the importance of my film selection to the film genre Essay

Describing the importance of my film selection to the film genre - Essay Example It also delineated an invisible connection on the human condition in its terrestrial as well as extra terrestrial modes. It began in the Pleistocene era when man was nothing more than a primitive ape, at the dawn of civilization and continues thru the present day man and deep into the realms of the future. â€Å"It contained more spectacular imagery and special effects than dialogue,† according to the film critic Dirk Dirks. By being non-verbal and subjective, it enters straight into one’s subconscious and stays there for good. On another level it also shows how man is made inconsequential but not impotent by the space-time continuum. It also shows how restricted and cooped up we are by the limitations of the contemporary modes of space travel with its emphasis on space ships which are in a spatial way of speaking as slow as snails. To explore and reach the extremities of the universe we must search out new ways like levitation and arrive at the impossible areas of ‘instant departure-arrivals’, casting away the outdated space ships like so much waste matter on the barren tundra of intergalactic

Colonial history US History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colonial history US History - Research Paper Example This information has been gathered over the past seven days through intelligence by the forces. Relevant sources inform that there is news spreading through the countryside that some leaders had strayed in Lexington, and had weapons stored in Concord for purposes of destabilizing the crown. General Gage who sent his aides to town in the past four days organized this intelligence gathering; hence, the militias were aware of Gage’s mission and intelligence plans. Therefore, they had established a communication system so that they could know in advance when the government’s forces were coming (â€Å"The Battle of Lexington† 310). This was made to ensure that their military supplies were safe. The militia is said to be under the command and organization of sympathetic colonialists Samuel Adams and John Hancock. One of the militia’s comrades Paul Revere had organized a communication system of alerting the militia of the military’s coming and actions. On 19 April, upon spotting the British army, he used two lanterns as a signal of the British forces approach to seize the military equipments in Concord. However, aware of the generals interest in the town, the militia were said to have moved their equipment to other towns away from Concord (â€Å"The Battle of Lexington† 310). Word has it that he rode while signaling the lanterns from the north church across the Charles River. Revere and Dowse hurriedly rode their horses to the west of the town to sound the warning of the British arrival. The other messengers awakened the town by using the church bells, sounding of drums and firing shots to call everyone out. The town was suddenly running up and down from the alarms; moreover, John Parker who lined them up as the warning continued organized the militia. The militia’s actions are likely to mark the beginning of a revolution against the crown; this is expressed by the events that happened before the shot that was heard around Lexington and people say was

Army Overseer Tells of Ouster over KBR Stir Essay

Army Overseer Tells of Ouster over KBR Stir - Essay Example According to this article, conflict between the KBR and American Army a rose when Mr. Smith an Army official failed to approve KBR payments claiming that the expenses were not justified. This article highlights that the conflict between American Army and KBR would pose impacts on society. KBR put it that if the government failed to pay the debt, it will no longer provide services. If this happened, American troops will not be able to fight their opponent hence the society will run out of protection (Army, 6/17/2008). On the other hand, if Mr. Smith had approved payments for goods and services that were never supplied it would have been a misappropriation of tax payers efforts. Considering the fact that this army official was holding a public office, he was right to protect misuse of public funds through halting these payments. His actions, although might have some negative impacts on the war, were ethical. The role of KBR Company in the business field is to provide American troops wi th essential services such as housing, food among others during the time of war. The case in this article can be regard as a market failure simply because KBR lacked knowledgeable auditors who could keep proper records. Further more, if the KBR Company was serious in its business it would have met the customer’s needs by providing the US troops with all that they had been contracted to supply. The government might have failed to some extend in its tendering policy because in order to award such a sensitive tender they should have scrutinized the bidding company to ascertain its credibility. This should have involved the analysis of KBR’S performance in the past and its capital to determine whether it could afford to finance those supplies of goods and services. The government has a role to ensure that the American troops access credible services from KBR. The government failed to ensure that KBR provided quality services. It must have auditors who could audit what has been spent on the troops. The policy that the Army or the government should hire external auditors on their operations ought to be changed because it does not portray an aspect of integrity. KBR lacked evidence that the amount due payment was genuine because it does not have credible records of its expenditure (Army, 6/17/2008). The government should also check on its tendering policy which had led to picking such a company for the supplies. The kind of policy that should be formulated for such situations should be able to evaluate suppliers before warding those sensitive responsibilities. On the other hand, the government should lay down strategies that would see suppliers who fail to adhere to their contracts, compensating for any inconveniences caused. In this way, suppliers who enter into contracts with any arm of the government would be afraid of such consequences and hence fulfill such contracts in time. Groups Sue after E.P.A fails to shift Ozone Rules This article focuses on the Obama administration and the Ozone rules. It is an amusing article in that it highlights the rejection of the proposed new standard by President Obama and his administration. According to this article, the Ozone rule set by the President Bush was 75 parts per billion. Lisa P. Jackson wanted to shift the standard from75 parts per billion to 70 parts per billion mainly to reduce risks on people health. Earth justice, the natural Resource defense, the Environmental

Everybody Should Take Stand Against Corruption Politics Essay

Everybody Should Take Stand Against Corruption Politics Essay Corruption in Afghanistan is considered one of the greatest challenges and issues both the citizens and government is facing. It has become widely recognized one of the major source of increasing poverty, backwardness, and instability in the country. It has also been considered a key challenge for governance and rule of law. Apart from this corruption is also an obstacle for the sustainable growth of economy which the country is struggling with. Although, both the government and the citizens have taken major steps to decrease the level of corruption in the governmental departments, the results are still not convincing. Different attempts have been made in order to define corruption; but still there is no precise, clear, single and accepted definition corruption which can be applicable to all forms, types and degrees of corruption. According to World Bank corruption is defined as the use of public office for private gains, or in other words, use of official position, rank or status by an office bearer for his own personal benefit. In this definition, examples of corrupt behaviors include: (a) bribery, (b) extortion, (c) fraud, (d) embezzlement, (e) nepotism, (f) cronyism, (g) appropriation of public assets and property for private use, and (h) influence peddling. (Myint) Corruption has posed serious challenges to the Afghan societies. In the political realm, it has undermined democratic values and good governance and has negatively affected formal democratic processes. Corrupt elections in have reduced the amount of accountability and responsiveness in the elected officials. In the judiciary, corruption in many instances has compromised the rule of law and responsibility against public. More generally, corruption has decreased the capacity of the governmental institutions. Many procedures in the government institutions are considered useless. Apart from this the public wealth and public resources are unequally distributed; the offices are often bought and sold. Moreover, corruption has also undermined the legitimacy of Afghan government and has negatively affected public trust and their tolerance. Everybody understands that corruption will not do any good to anyone. On the contrary, it harms everybody and society. So, in order to get rid of this serious issue and live in a corruption free society everybody should take a stand against corruption. Although, the Afghan government has made several commitments to combat corruption, but the problem is still widespread. Fighting and finally eradication of corruption needs serious work and commitments. It is understandable that corruption cannot be eradicated in a short period of time. It needs years and maybe decades. Combating corruption is not easy. In order to do so, one should know the causes and effects of the corruption on societies. Apart from governmental institutions, International Non-governmental Organizations such as Integrity Watch Afghanistan, United Nationals Agencies and Transparency International has found out numerous causes of corruption in Afghanistan among which United Nation Development Program (UNDP) has offered a broader list of commonly cited causes of corruption. The list includes: (i) a lack of rules, oversight and enforcement; (ii) institutional weaknesses in legislative and judicial systems; (iii) low incomes for public officials; (iv) high rewards comp ared to risks for corrupt behavior; and (v) a low likelihood of having corruption detected. (Balboa and Medalla) All the issues which cause corruption have created serious threats to Afghanistans development, questioned government legitimacy, increased tension between Afghan government and international community which in result has caused instability. Its growing threat has undermined the authority and accountability of government and has decreased the public trust in the government. The effect of corruption has many political, economic, social and environmental effects on the Afghan society which will be discussed one by one. In political spectrum, corruption has obstructed the democratic values which are the basis of Afghan government and the rule of law. Corruption is considered as one of the main obstacles to the development of democracy. Public institutions and governmental departments which are mainly created for the delivery of public services are the units of democratic system. When the officials of these institutions engage in corrupt activities, the institution loses their credibility. Lack of accountability can question the legitimacy of these institutions. Increase in corruption can result political instability and lack of transparency. Apart from this, corrupt societies lack sound political competition. The decisions are often made based on personal authority rather than legal authority which in turn undermine democratic values. These issues finally lead to anger and frustration in the citizens. For instance, Khalis Shinwari, a volunteer inspector assigned by the local elders in Jalalabad to identify cases of bad craftsmanship in development projects, told The Washington Post that the people are angryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦but to whom they can complain? (Basar) This sort of dissatisfaction in the citizens can pose major challenges for the young democratic system of Afghanistan. The economic effects of corruption have serious impact on the whole country. First and foremost, corruption causes the misuse of national wealth by a small part of the population. It often results the unequal distribution of wealth, increases costs of goods and the delivery of public services. A report by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) lists some major economic consequences of corruption as (i) Prevention of economic growth; (ii) reduction in the effectiveness of international assistance; and (ii) loss of tax revenue given that bribes may be paid to evade taxes and customs. (Basar) In corrupt societies corruption causes the transformation of public wealth into private and neglects the necessities of public. The funds are spent on unnecessary projects and the basic needs of citizens are often ignored. Socially, corruption discourages people for working together for the common good of a society. It disturbs social services delivery, increase frustration among the citizens, which in return results in a weak civil society. Apart from this, corruption increases poverty in a society, and increase the gap between the rich and poor. In a corrupt society, paying and taking bribes becomes a tradition which results in inequality, hatred and insecurity. According to UNDP, corruption increases the price of public services and lowers their quality. (Basar) Furthermore, paying bribes for public service frustrate citizens and demoralizes citizens trust on the government which causes social unrest. To sum up, it has become clear that if Afghanistan wants to emerge as a strong democratic state, the government and the citizens need to take concrete steps to fight this serious disease which is spreading day by day. History has shown that corruption has been one of the main factors for the downfall of many regimes. It undermines the legitimacy of the government, weakening the structure; badly affect the economy, worsening poverty, affect reconstruction and increase insecurity and instability. Everybody understands that Afghanistan is decades away from reaching corrupt free society but both government and the citizens has to take a stand and place the fight against corruption as one of the top priorities for the development and stabilization of their beloved country.

Long Distance Travel Public Awareness Health And Social Care Essay

Long distance traveling will implement you to be seated for long clip, there are some factors during going that may take for farther jobs, these factors are ; inaction, dehydration/humidity, barometric force per unit area alterations, in-flight services, and gesture illness. Some patients should be evaluated before winging ; those people are with medical conditions such as ; diabetes, gestation, cardiovascular diseases, Deep Vein Thrombosis, pneumonic diseases, breaks, infections upsets, Central Nervous System Disorders, and psychiatric upsets. For those who travel in long trips, some safeguards need to be taken in order to avoid any complications that can go on. These safeguards and advices will be divided into three classs ; advices sing the musculoskeletal system, advices sing the circulation, and advices for the pneumonic system, Particular equipments and attention available on most air hoses includes compaction stockings, particular seating, wheelchair services, and O equipments. Our purposes are to heighten safety for riders and avoid any complications that can go on, and to advance public consciousness among long distance traveling.Literature Reappraisal:On 2003, a survey was done by Paganin et Al, to gauge relationship between air- travel and venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) , this survey was based on a instance control study ; they measured the frequence of VTE, associated hazard factors and factors act uponing the oncoming of pneumonic intercalation or deep vena thrombosis. The survey was conducted over 1 twelvemont h, the questionnaire was sent to doctors ; they found that long continuance air-travel VTE is associated with other underlying thromboembolic hazard factors, low mobility during flight is a dramatic modifiable hazard factor of developing pneumonic intercalation, travellers with hazard factors for VTE should be advised to increase their mobility. ( Paganin F. , et Al, 2003 ) A survey was done by Beasly, et Al, on 2005 to place the association between prolonged seated stationariness and VTE in relation to drawn-out period of traveling, patients were followed certain inclusion standards which includes: ( hospital discharge diagnosing of DVT and/or pneumonic intercalation, history of regular seated stationariness at least 8 hours and there is no other recognized hazard factors. ( Beasly R. et Al, 2005 ) Opatray, et Als and others have conducted the largest instance control survey on 2004 in Canada taking to confuse the relationship between travel and the hazard of acquiring deep vena thrombosis [ DVT ] . The participants in this survey were both male and female with a average age of 56 old ages old. They were divided into two groups ; the first group were patients with a confirmed diagnosing of DVT and the 2nd group were patients in whom DVT were ruled out. A elaborate travel history, medicines, familial testing, and were taken from the patients. Besides the relation between DVT and any travel, travel continuance, and the method of transit [ plane or auto ] were tested and analyzed. The consequences showed that plane going longer than 12 hours has increased odds ratio of acquiring DVT than those who travel in a auto or in shorter continuances. The clinical diagnosings of DVT or PE were required radiological verification by one of the followers: positive compaction Doppler ultrasound, positive venography ; high or intermediate chance V/Q scan ; positive pneumonic angiography. They propose the acronym ‘SIT ‘ ( seated stationariness thromboembolism syndrome ) to embrace all signifiers of sitting stationariness associated with VTE ; the consequences shows that travellers were with hazard of VTE due to drawn-out period of stationariness. ( Opartray L. et Al, 2004 ) – Factors that may adversely impact healthy riders sing long period of traveling:1- Inaction:Peoples tend to sit passively for many hours at a clip. Even for physically fit travellers a certain grade of dependent hydrops and pooling of the blood occurs. Dependent hydrops is one of minor concern to healthy rider but may be aggravated by certain conditions such as gestation. In instance of leg breaks, the extra puffiness may go risky if force per unit area on the dramatis personae compromises circulation ; one air hose has reported a instance in which sphacelus developed after a long distance flight because the dramatis personae was excessively tight. We recommend that the limb be elevated if possible, and in the instance of recent breaks, the dramatis personae be bivalved so that it can be loosened should excessive swelling occur. Venous pooling and stasis may ensue in thrombophlebitis or orthostatic hypotension in susceptible people. The most common medical exigency is conking. Normally it occurs on the manner to the washroom. This likely consequences from orthostatic hypotension aggravated by drawn-out posing and mild hypoxia. ( Skejenna O.et Al, 1991 ; Air Travel )2-Dehydration/Humidity:Relative humidness can drop really quickly to between 5 % & A ; 10 % , and this low humidness can do drying of the oral cavity, nose ( mucose membranes ) , and pharynx ; besides it can do dry tegument and oculus annoyance. Peoples with skin conditions should be excess cautious because it may be aggravated by waterlessness. Reduced cabin force per unit area can besides do gas volume enlargement ; this can be a job if there has been recent surgery that has introduced gas into the abdominal pit. Most riders really gain weight because of unstable consumption ; however, it ‘s recommended that desiccating drinks such as intoxicant, java and certain soft drinks be avoided. There are countries in which cabin air becomes stagnant, and contaminations such as baccy fume may non be removed every bit rapidly as desirable. Mattson, et Al and associates demonstrated important degrees of cotinine ( a metabolite of nicotine ) in the piss of non-smoking riders and flight attenders after a flight, degrees that were related to these people ‘s evaluations of irritation. ( Skejenna O.et Al, 1991 )3-Barometric force per unit area alterations:Commercial aeroplanes and jet air-craft pressurized equivalent of an height of 6000 to 8000 foot ( 1830 to 2440 m ) , non to sea flat force per unit area. Therefore, air in organic structure pits or other closed infinites expands by about 25 % ; this enlargement may worsen certain medical conditions. Decrease in atmospheric force per unit area consequences in reduced partial force per unit area of O and reduced entire force per unit area, which may give rise to jobs due to gas enlargement and diffusion of gases from solution. ( Air Travel ; Flying withaa‚ ¬A ¦ , 2008 )4-In-flight service:Patients on particular diets may be accommodated, provided the air hose is informed at least 24 hours in progress. Although the quality of these repasts is good it is non infallible, and the traveller should take safeguards if his or her status is sensitive to nutrient. Peoples with nutrient allergic reactions should detect the same strict safeguards that they would whenever dining out. ( Alvarez D. et al, )5-Motion Sickness & A ; Turbulence:In general, air travel is one of the smoothest agencies of conveyance available. However, during long distance flights the aircraft about ever passes over at least one conditions system, and even at high attitudes some turbulency may be encountered. Turbulence may do gesture illness or hurt. While seated, riders should maintain their place belts fastened at all times. Motion illness can be uncomfortable and abashing every bit good as doing uncomfortableness to other riders. ( Air Travel ) Some medical conditions that require specific rating before traveling: Unless otherwise indicated these recommendations have been developed by civil and military aeromedical forces and are based on experience in managing certain conditions, the pre-flight rating should concentrate on the rider ‘s medical status with particular consideration given to possible infectivity, the dose and timing of any medicine and exercisings, besides for particular aid petitions.1-Diabetes:There are no limitations on winging with well-controlled diabetes ; diabetic patients should transport their medicine ; since exposure to even cabin flat height may ensue in a lower blood glucose degree. Insulin dependent diabetes are usually required to hold a missive of mandate from their physician to let passenger car of acerate leafs in their manus baggage ; it should be carried in a cool bag or pre-cooled vacuity flask It ‘s of import that they are cognizant of jobs caused by clip zone alterations, it ‘s recommended to stay on one clip system during flight and merely try to readapt to local clip on reaching at their finish. ( Alvarez D. et Al, ; Anne R. , 2005 )2- Pregnancy:Due to the increasing hazard of an-in-flight bringing, most air hoses prohibit travel after the terminal of the 36th hebdomad in incomplete singleton gestations, earlier bounds apply for multiple/complicated gestations or with a history of premature bringing, the bound for multiple gestation is by and large 32 hebdomads. The hazard of Deep Vein Thrombosis ( DVT ) is increased in gestation ; reasonable safeguards should be taken as for any traveller, there are extra hazard factors for thrombosis, specialist advice may necessitate to be taken. Particular equipment and attention available on most air hoses includes compaction stockings, particular seating, wheelchair services, and O equipment. ( Alvarez D. et Al, ; Anne R. , 2005 )3- Cardiovascular Diseases:Examples include recent Myocardial Infraction, Coronary arteria beltway grafting, angina pectoris, phlebitis and congestive bosom failure. -Myocardial Misdemeanor: The most frequent cause of decease in flight cardiac apprehension, normally caused by a myocardial misdemeanor, some air hoses recommend waiting 6 to 12 hebdomads before going, auxiliary O will probably be required at a flow rate of 2 to 4 L/min ; if the patient must go within 6 hebdomads of the last acute event or if angina at remainder is experienced. -Coronary arteria beltway grafting: A surgical method that improves blood flow through coronary arterias which were narrowed due to atheroma. Air travel can be contemplated, if necessary, at 10 yearss station surgery, therefore leting clip for the air introduced into the thorax to be reabsorbed. -Phlebitis: Peoples with a history of lower limb thrombosis or varicosities should have on support hosiery and exert their legs sporadically. -Patients with gait shaper: A pacesetter is a little device that ‘s placed in the thorax or venters to assist command unnatural bosom beat, This device uses electrical pulsations to motivate the bosom to crush at a normal rate, Consult with your doctor before doing any travel agreements merely to guarantee your pacesetter is in good standing. It would non be good to take a long distance trip and have a job. ( Alvarez D. et Al, ; Anne R. , 2005 ; Skejenna O.et Al, 1991 )4-Deep Vein Thrombosis ( DVT ) :The hazard of venous thromboembolism ( VTE ) about doubles after a long period flight ( & gt ; 4 hours ) , the hazard increases with the continuance of the travel and with multiple flights within a short period, its immobilisation instead than any cabin environment effects of the curdling system that is thought to be the cause of the increased hazard. When seated for a drawn-out sum of clip, the articulatio genuss remain at a right angle, ensuing in a â€Å" crick † in the venas of the legs, forestalling proper circulation. All riders should maintain nomadic whilst in flight, its recommended that they stand in their place country and stretch their weaponries and legs every twosome of hours, walk around the cabin whenever they can and follow an in place exercising plan. ( Paganin F. , et Al, 2003 ; Opartray L. et Al, 2004 ; Beasly R. et Al, 2005 )5-Pulmonary Diseases:Passengers with asthma and chronic diseases ( including clogging pneumonic disease ( COPD ) and cystic fibrosis ) are normally able to go safely if the status is stable and there has been no recent impairment. -Asthma: Patients with stable asthma should be able to wing without jobs, preventative and alleviating inhalators should be carried in the manus baggage, portable atomizers may be used at the discretion of cabin crew, and they may be connected to the air craft electrical supply. Patient should make some of take a breathing exercisings to better their O degree and to loosen up their musculuss. -Cystic Fibrosis: Medicines should be divided between manus and clasp luggage to let for holds and way stations, portable atomizer may be used and they may be connected to electrical supply, patients prescribed in-flight O should have O while sing high height finishs, riders should set about physical therapy during way stations. ( Coker R. , 2002 ; Skejenna O.et Al, 1991 )6-Fractures:Patients should wait for 24 hours following application of plaster dramatis personae for flights of less than 2 hours and for 48 hours on longer flights because air may be trapped beneath the dramatis personae. If pressing travel is necessary, a bi-valved plaster dramatis personae can be used to forestall harmful puffiness, and circulative jobs peculiarly on long flights. A fractured leg should be kept elevated if possible, careful place choice can assist. Mandibular breaks deserve excess cautiousness ; if the jaw is wired the patient should transport wire cutters, because of the hazard of turbulency patients may non go with free-hanging grip, patients who require grip may go ( normally by stretcher ) with the limb or extremity fixed to the splint ( i.e. , Thomas splint or halo splint ) . ( Your healthaa‚ ¬A ¦ )7-Infection Disorders:There is concern about the potency for transmittal of infective disease to other riders on board commercial aircraft. There is besides concern about the consequence of travel after recent respiratory piece of land infections. The most of import consideration is that of transmittal of pneumonic TB, particularly that of multiple drug resistant ( MDR ) TB. Patients with infective TB must non go by public air transit until rendered non-infectious. World Health Organization guidelines province that three smear negative phlegm scrutinies on separate yearss in a individual on effectual anti-tuberculosis intervention indicate an highly low potency for transmittal, and a negative phlegm civilization consequence virtually precludes possible for transmittal, this may be over cautiousnesss. While this remains the policy for HIV positive patients, HIV negative patients who have completed 2 hebdomads of effectual anti-tuberculosis intervention are, in pattern, by and large considered non-infectious. ( Coker R. , 2002 )8-Central Nervous System Disorders:Following a shot or cerebro-vascular accident, riders can normally go after 3 yearss if stable or recovering, through formal medical clearance should be sought if travel is required within 10 yearss. For those with intellectual arteria inadequacy, hypoxia may take to jobs and auxiliary O may be advisable, rider with stable epilepsy may be more prone to ictuss during a long flight ; mild hypoxia and hyper-ventilation are known precipitating factors, in add-on to the exasperation of weariness, anxiousness and irregular medicine. It ‘s recommended that epileptic patients increase their medicine before winging and restart normal doses merely after geting at their finish. ( Coker R. , 2002 )9- Psychiatric Disorders:Because of the safety deductions, psychiatric upsets need to be stable and controlled, for riders with other upsets, such as anxiousness or depressive neuroticism, the airdrome environment and the flight itself may hold a important impact. Small doses of minor tranquilizers may be helpful in riders who are familiar with their effects and side effects, nevertheless, great attention must be taken to avoid over sedation ( which could be misinterpreted by cabin crew as serious unwellness ) and blending with intoxicant which can take to unpredictable behaviour. A assortment of classs is available to assist those with a fright of winging and riders will normally happen cabin and flight crew highly supportive if they are cognizant of the job. ( Coker R. , 2002 ) For those who travel in long trips, some safeguards need to be taken in order to avoid any complications that can go on. These safeguards and advices will be divided into three classs ; advices sing the musculoskeletal system, advices sing the circulation, and advices for the pneumonic system.Advices for the musculoskeletal system:Neck axial rotations:Advantage: these exercisings combined with external respiration exercisings which will be discussed subsequently has a great consequence in cut downing the tenseness stored at the cervix. Exercise: the rider should get down with external respiration in so dropping the cervix towards the thorax. From this relaxed place where he feels that his caput is heavy ; he would get down to circle his caput to the right while he is take a breathing out and back for five times. Then do the same to the left side in slow controlled form.Shoulder Axial rotations:Advantage: shoulder axial rotations helps to forestall and cut down musculus cramp of the shoulder and the cervix musculuss. It besides corrects the inappropriate position taken during the flight. Exercise: it is done by humping the shoulder frontward so upward, so backward, and downward. In simple words it is soft slow round gesture of the shoulder repeated five times in one way so another five in the opposite way.Shoulder Stretch:Advantage: they have the same consequence of shoulder axial rotations plus keeping the shoulder musculuss length and prevent shortening. Exercise: stretching the anterior facet of the shoulder is performed by clasping the custodies behind the dorsum and straightens the arm every bit much as possible. This is combined by widening the cervix to look at the ceiling. Stretch the posterior facet of the shoulder is performed by is by conveying the right manus over the left shoulder. Then place the left manus behind the right cubitus and use a soft pull towards the organic structure. Keep the stretch place for at least 15 seconds and reiterate it 5 times.Trunk forward flexure:Advantage: this exercising stretches the back musculuss and prevents shortening. It besides reduces the opportunity of acquiring back hurting after the flight. Exercise: with both pess n the floor and tummy held in, easy bend frontward seeking to make your mortise joints. Keep this place for 15 seconds and easy sit back. Repeat it 5 times.Knee lifts:Advantages: forestalling articulatio genus, hip, and natess pain because of the drawn-out posing. It besides maintains the scope of gesture of these articulations. Exercise: maintain the right leg set and raise the articulatio genus up the thorax. Then conveying it back to the normal place. Make it for five repeats so exchange to the other legKnee to chest:Advantage: it is a stretching exercising for the gluteal muscle and the hamstrings musculuss to forestall musculus shortening and cut down the odds of musculus cramp. Exercise: flex frontward somewhat. Clasp the custodies around the right articulatio genus and embrace it to the thorax. Keep the stretching place for 15 seconds. Keep the custodies around the articulatio genus so easy allow it down. Switch over the legs and reiterate it 1 times. ( Sheehan j. , 2004 ; Pizar A. , 2009 ; Alvarez D. et Al, ; Your healthaa‚ ¬A ¦ ; Air Travel )Advices and Precautions Sing the Circulation:1. Ankle circles:Advantage: this is a critical exercising to maintain the circulation of your organic structure active and to assist in the venous return. It is besides good for maintain and forestall the loss of the ankle scope of gesture. Exercise: raise the pess of the floor. Pull a circle with your toes, at the same time traveling one pes clockwise and the other pes counterclockwise. After 15 seconds reverse the circles and repetition as desired.2. Foot pumps:Advantage: another indispensable exercising for the circulation and to forestall the opportunities of developing a DVT. Exercise: Feet gesture is in three phases: Keep the heels on the floor and raise the forepart of the pess up every bit much as possible. Keep this place for 2 seconds. Put both pess flat on the floor. Keep the balls of the pess on the floor and raise the heels every bit high as possible. The three phases should be repeated for 30 seconds.3. Compaction stockings:Advantage: it assist in forestalling puffiness of the mortise joints due to drawn-out posing and the gravitation. It besides improves the blood return to the organic structure from the lower legs. The carrying must non be excessively tight or excessively lose. A good fitted carrying size is the most recommended. 4. Keep traveling around the cabin on occasion. 5. Stay adequately hydrated and avoid surplus intoxicant and java. 6. Keep the pess elevated by utilizing the leg rests at higher lift. ( Sheehan j. , 2004 ; Pizar A. , 2009 ; Alvarez D. et Al, ; Your healthaa‚ ¬A ¦ ; Air Travel )Advices for Pneumonic System:1. Peoples who are breathless at remainder should non go without O supply. 2. Patients should transport preventative and alleviating inhalators in their manus baggage. 3. COPD patients should make take a breathing exercisings every two hours: the exercisings include pursed lips take a breathing. The exercisings consist of taking a deep breath from the olfactory organ ; keep it in for 2 seconds. Then purse your lips and take the breath out from your oral cavity easy. ( Coker R, 2002 )